According to an assessment, the Sikhs were ever ready to co-operate with the Marathas, but it goes to the discredit of the Marathas that they could not make a proper confederacy with Sikhs due to their minor stature as a confederacy. The Afghan-Sikh Wars were fought between the Sikh Empire and the Durrani Empire. WebTwo of these new powers were the Sikh empire and the Maratha empire. Within 10 years, Marathas were firmly in grasp of power in the north west under the leadership of Mahadji Shinde famously leading Capture of Delhi (1771). Sikhs regency was highly fluid until the Marathas arrived winning for them Sirhind and Lahore. Guru Tegh Bahadur aided Kashmiri Pandits in avoiding conversion to Islam and was arrested by Aurangzeb. Arunansh B. Goswami is a historian, lawyer, author. Abdali tried many times to recover Lahore but ultimately had to return to Pashtun territories. Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikh,. It proved as the turning point in the war. The Sikhs, free from the danger of foreign invasions after the death of Ahmad Shah Durrani in April 1772, had been plundering the crownlands north of Delhi and in the Ganga Yamuna Doab, and revenues from these lands had almost completely ceased to come to Delhi. A good question. Let us check out their qualities, advantages and disadvantages and what and where each of these warriors excelled at. THE MARATHAS The Marathas captured Delhi in August 1757. [7] There were 8.4 million Muslims, 2.88 million Hindus and 722,000 Sikhs. Huge Scindia army with Dattaji Scindia, Sabaji Scindia, Jankoji Scindia and other brave hearts liberated Punjab from the Afghans. Marathas were the only clan in india which defeated the powerful Mughal empire..That explains it all.. The Sikhs sided with Ranjit Singh while Naval Singh invited the Marathas and the Ruhilas to assist him. Maratha Empire was also known as Maratha Confederacy. In the battle on 10th January at Burari Ghat, resisting the Afghan crossing of the Yamuna, Dattaji Scindia was killed and Jankoji and Sabaji were wounded and the ragged remnant of the Scindia forces went South. Generals were also drawn from a variety of communities, along with prominent Sikh generals like Hari Singh Nalwa, Fateh Singh Dullewalia, Nihal Singh Atariwala, Chattar Singh Attariwalla, and Fateh Singh Kalianwala; Hindu generals included Misr Diwan Chand and Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar, his son, and his grandson; and Muslim generals included Ilahi Bakhsh and Mian Ghaus Khan; one general, Balbhadra Kunwar, was a Nepalese Gurkha, and European generals included Jean-Francois Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura, and Paolo Avitabile. Ahmad Shah Durrani during his fourth invasion (November 1756 April 1757) had occupied the Punjab. [2], Taking advantage of Sabaji's absence from Peshawar post, the Afghans marched to Peshawar. Jahan Khan as his deputy. Under the command of Hari Singh Nalwa, Sikhs finally captured the city of Peshawar and installed a Muslim governor. The Peshawar fort was taken by Afghans with heavy losses to the besieged Maratha garrison. Unlike Ahmad Shah Abdali who subsequently raised a cry of jihad, the Marathas couldn't mobilize their resources and make a common cause with the Hindoos in order to pay the Afghan Emperor in his own coin. {{{long}}} Read More The Sikh Empire was a state originating in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established an empire based in the Punjab. But he was soon overpowered by superior numbers and deadlier weapons. Bhangu, Ratan Singh, Prachin Panth Prakash. When General Henry Smith marched to Dharmkot to relieve Ludhiana, their rear was attacked by Sikhs under Ranjodh Singh Majithia. 185187). In this battle, a large number of Sikh soldiers crossed Satluj after being defeated at Mudki and Ferozeshah. Along with that he asked his followers to gift him horses and weaponry instead of anything else. After his father's death, Shri Guru Hargobind Ji added the martial element to Sikhism which was until then a religion mainly focused on Spirituality. Jawahar Singh had another score to settle with the Marathas, too. He served as governor of Kashmir and Hazara and established a mint on behalf of the Sikh empire to facilitate revenue collection. 17331735: The Khalsa accepts, only to reject, the confederal status given by the Mughals. Manage Settings There was also a crisis in Maratha Leadership after sudden deaths of two successive Peshwa's. Sikhs started again to revolt against Muslim ruling elite, which had caused Punjab to go into political and economic turmoil. The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire, and the Kingdom In the meantime, information of the raging battle had been conveyed to Dattaji. 1. The battle took place on 13 July 1813, in which Sikhs defeated the Durranis. The meeting took place at Agra on 23 July 1707. {{/totalcount}}, Wed, Jan 18, 2023 | UPDATED 23:57 PM IST, Scindia in Peshawar: From Maratha, Sikh and Afghan sources, In memoriam Dattaji Scindia: Braveheart and martyr, Challenging narratives building India: Baiza Bai Scindia, Tips and tests for a healthy heart along with myths surrounding heart disease, Terms of Use and Grievance Redressal Policy, TOI will have complete discretion to select bloggers, TOI's decision in this regard will be final. Mahadji Scindia, chief of Gwalior, occupied Delhi in January 1771 and the nominal Mughal emperor, Shah `Alam II, who had been living under British protection at Allahabad, returned to the imperial capital early in January 1772 as the Marathas` protege. Patiala, 19703. But at this point the need for self defence was felt. Sikhs, owing to their initiative and knowledge of the local geography, took the lion`s share; the Marathas demanded a share proportionate to the number of troops. WebSikh Empire Indian Hobby Club Home COINS INDIAN STATES Sikh Empire Sikh Empire Showing 124 of 28 results Filters All Category Items, COINS BOOKS, History Books, Sikh Empire Coins of the Sikhs 1500 All Category Items, COINS BOOKS, History Books, Sikh Empire Coins of the Sikhs Sri Amritsar Jiyo 2000 2550 Battle of Gujranwala (1761) - Durrani vs Sikh - Sikh Victory WebAfter the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Maratha War of Independence Scindia known as Shindes in Maharashtra are proud about the fact that it was a man from their clan, who planted the Maratha standard in the city that was the northernmost conquest that Marathas ever did, Peshawar. WebThe Maratha Empire was founded in 1674 by Shivaji Maharaj, a great warrior and tactician. [citation needed]. Dated 27 October, 1835, Empire on the Indian subcontinent (17991849), Sikh Empire at the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSatinder_Singh,_Raja_Gulab_Singh's_Role1971 (, Britain and Tibet 17651947, (Marshall, p.116), The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, p. 187), The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, pp. Sabaji Scindias family still exists, they are titular Maharajas of Ujjain and Gwalior, Scindias with Mr. Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia as the present head of Scindia Shahi. Throughout its history, it fought various adversaries including the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan and the British East India Company. Rare Coin. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Before his death in 1708, he sent Banda Singh Bahadur to lead the Sikhs of Punjab. Naval Singh however carried the day and the Sikhs had to retire to the Punjab. The latter, however, doubted their intentions and called reinforcements from beyond the Sutlej. The main geographical footprint of the empire was from the Punjab region to Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east. Trimbak Rao, the Maratha governor of Multan, with his 6000 Maratha army, made a hasty retreat towards Lahore; Sabaji Patel also vacated Peshawar without a fight and was joined by Tukoji Holkar at Attock, fleeing towards Lahore. Although the Sikhs were now masters of Punjab, the Marathas had re-emerged as the strongest power in India. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. The empire expanded rapidly under the rule of Shivajis successors, such as Sambhaji and Rajaram. Trishul / Trident Symbol .. RARE. {{{read_comment_link}}} [58] There were special courts for Muslims which ruled in accordance to Muslim law in personal matters,[59] and common courts preceded over by judicial officers which administered justice under the customary law of the districts and socio-ethnic groups, and were open to all who wanted to be governed by customary religious law, whether Hindu, Sikh, or Muslim. The tenth and the last Guru, Guru Gobind Singh organized Sikhs into a military sect called Khalsa (means "pure"), in 1699, against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of Sikh[27] states in the Punjab region lying between the Sutlej River to the north, the Himalayas to the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi district to the south, and Sirsa District to the west. Tukoji Holkar and Narsoji Pandit, the Maratha commanders of Peshawar and Attock had to withdraw their troops from the frontier posts. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the poor peasants who farmed the land. WebA fierce battle took place on 24 February 1770, in which the Maratha cavalry was severely mauled. [61] Brahmins like finance minister Raja Dina Nath, Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities. Harbans Singh, The Heritage of the Sikhs. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This opportunity was used by the British East India Company to launch the First Anglo-Sikh War. He sent an express appeal to the Peshwa for reinforcements, alerted all the junior Maratha officers to help him restore law and order in the state and he also recalled Maratha detachments from Peshawar and Attock to safeguard his position in Karnal. There he built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. Finally, by 1849 the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Others believe that a tactical withdrawal was the best policy. Jawahar Singh was assassinated in June 1768 and his brother, Ratan Singh, who succeeded him, was similarly done away the following year. As a result, the Afghan power collapsed in Punjab and the regions to the east of Indus virtually came under Sikh influence. He offered to pay one lakh of rupees per day when they were marching, and fifty thousand when halting. Another grandson of Sabaji Scindia was Dhar Rao Scindia, Mahadji Scindia also known as the Great Maratha and cousin of Sabaji Scindia, appointed Dhar Rao Scindia, grandson of Sabaji Scindia, with 8,000 horse and 10,000 foot was appointed subedar of a vast territory extending from Mathura and Aligarh to Karnal and Saharanpur. Jawahar Singh with his Sikh troops then went to the help of the Jat prince of Gohad against the Marathas. Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Formation of the Sikh Empire 1.3 End of the Sikh Empire 2 Geography 3 Religious policy 4 Timeline 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources It means flags beyond Attock, which happens to be a fort in present day Pakistan, now the readers must be having several questions, such as where beyond Attock, for what and by whom? [84] Nevertheless, the British army took and held Ferozeshah. "[69] Chitralekha Zutshi and William Roe Polk write that Sikh governors adopted policies that alienated the Muslim population such as the ban on cow slaughter and the azan (the Islamic call to prayer), the seizure of mosques as property of the state, and imposed ruinous taxes on Kashmiri Muslims causing a famine in 1832. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. Later, Punjab was subject to constant invasions of Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan. Sirhind was besieged. It was Jankojirao Scindia then head of Shindeshahi who asked his uncle Sabaji Scindia to go and garrison Lahore. He, along with his commander Jahan Khan invaded Punjab for the fifth time with a massive force of 60,000[7] accompanied by heavy field-guns. I. Princeton, 1963, 2021 - All rights reserved -Gateway to Sikhism. He began to modernise his army, using the latest training as well as weapons and artillery. Adina Beg Khan was made governor of Punjab under Marathas and later as per Afghan historian Farhang, M.M.S. Compare the Sikh empire vs the Maratha empire. Mirza Jan Khan was thrown into prison, while Khwaja Saeed, mounted on a donkey, was paraded through the streets of Lahore where the aggrieved citizens flung dust and dirt upon his head. Hence, Sikhs gave a defeat to British in the battle of Baddowal.[3][4]. In November 1759, Ahmad Shah Durrani, invading India for the fifth time, wiped out the Maratha forces in the Punjab. Sir Hugh Gough's army decisively defeated the Sikh forces. British Raj trappings, originally meant to cow down Indians and signal imperial superiority, make our courtrooms intimidating for ordinary people seeking redressal, History writing: Scholars stepping in where professionals fear to tread, Be wise, Centre & SC: Better than courts stand & GoIs proposal is revising the collegiums memorandum of procedure, Old poison scheme: GoI must build a consensus against old pension system, The guvs are off: Governors in some opposition-ruled states are keeping bills pending for long, violating constitutional spirit, Haldwanis lesson: Abrupt eviction is no answer to encroachment, Mixed benches, please: Women, SCs, STs, OBCs & minorities are hugely underrepresented in higher judiciary. This was the last battle of the war and the Anglo-Sikh battle. Sabaii Scindia moved out of fort of Attock as per Ali-ud-Dins Ibrat Namah, to oppose his advance, in the battle the Afghans were worsted and many of them, including the son of Jahan Khan, fell dead. In 1950, the Union of India became the Republic of India after abolishing monarchy. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to the supporters of Guru Gobind Singh. They conquered Gujarat, the whole of Central India and Orissa, subdued Rajputana and raided into Bengal and Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu, and imposed chauth upon these areas. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao sent his cousin Sadashivrao Bhau to repel Abdali which ultimately resulted in the Third Battle of Panipat where although Abdali won a Pyrrhic victory the material situation did not change on ground. [73] As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on the Mughal standard with Persian legends. Many of his soldiers, particularly Afghan mercenaries deserted his army camp and added to the number of freebooters, thus creating chaos and anarchy everywhere. The first treaty signed on 1 January 1806 by Lord Lake and Sardar Patch Singh Ahluvalia representing the British GovernorGeneral and Maharaja Ranjit Singh respectively, stipulated Holkar`s exit from the Punjab; according to the second, between the British andJasvant Rao Holkar, signed on 11 January 1806, the latter gave up his rights north of the River Chambal while the former undertook not to interfere with his territories south of that river. The Marathas were a Marathi-speaking warrior group mostly from what is now the state of Maharashtra in India. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the misls appeared to be coming into their own as independent. They even decided to extend their rule up to Kabul and Kandahar but several Hindu kings feared that emergence of Maratha empire would hurt their territorial interests so they invited Abdali to invade India along with Muslim rulers. The Sikh religion began around the time of the conquest of the Northern Indian subcontinent by Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. For more than three decades, Sikhs consolidated their power in areas of Punjab. He readily agreed, but as the combined SikhMaratha troops forced George Thomas to surrender by the end of the year, the Sikh chiefs began to resent the heavy exactions imposed upon them by Perron. He was captured along with 700 of his men and sent to Delhi, where they were all tortured and executed after refusing to convert to Islam.[22]. The battle was fought on 6 May 1834. As a result of his visit, he donated land to the langar and the Mughals did not have any conflict with Sikh gurus until his death in 1605. A concerted attack on the fort of Sirhind was made by the Marathas and the Sikhs on 8 March 1758. WebSikh Empire Independent Kingdoms Assam Farrukhabad Maratha Confederacy Mysore Rohilkhand Sikh Empire Vijayanagara Sikh Empire Independent Kingdom Sikh Empire Coins For Sale Sikh Empire There are 39 products. Dhian Singh, the prime minister, was a Dogra, whose brothers Gulab Singh and Suchet Singh served in the high-ranking administrative and military posts, respectively. The Mughal Empire and the Maratha Empire fought the Battle of Wai on 16th of December in 1687. The year is 1760. In January 1786, in the struggle for succesion among the sons of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind, Bhup Singh sought the Marathas` help against his brother, Bhag Singh, in lieu of which he surrendered Safidori to them. Their ambition pushed them further northwards than Delhi into Haryana, which collided with the ambitions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the founder of Durrani Empire. A fierce battle took place on 24 February 1770, in which the Maratha cavalry was severely mauled. [1], The battle took place on 3 July 1819 during the Sikh expedition to Kashmir. After deliberations with his advisors, Dattaji deputed Sabaji to take care of Haryana and Nwfp, Peshawar and Attock along with assistance of Bapu Rao, Dadu Rao and Sena Pandit for time being and himself left Punjab for the suppression of Najib-ud-Daula in the Ganga valley. Sikh- Maratha alliance was formed against Afghans for a short period of time (17581761) as the Maratha empire boundaries reaching the Afghans homeland. [18] In 1701, a combined army of the Sivalik Hill rajas and the Mughals under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur. The remaining Marathas retreated straight to Delhi from their northernmost posts at Sonipat. These Misls were united in large part by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Early in 1758 AD Adina Beg Khan sent his envoys, Har Lal and Sidiq Beg to Raghunath Rao and invited the Marathas to the Punjab. He started uniting misls and finally took Lahore in 1799. The Sikhs, saw territory under Hari Singh Nalwas jurisdiction and command as the farthest extent of the Sikh Kingdom like once Marathas saw territory under the administration of Sabaji Scindia as the farthest extent of the Maratha empire, the territories that both these brave hearts guarded in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was some what coterminous. In April 1798, George Thomas gave up Maratha service and settled down atJhajjar and Harisi as an independent chief. 1572), was the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore, who ruled between 7 February 1553 and 1572. They were accompanied by Malhar Rao Holkar of Malwa who had a long experience of North India and its rulers. Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikh, vol. However, later on, they betrayed him and joined Abdali's forces during his fifth invasion. Indian defeat Indian victory [33] He is known for his role in the conquests of Kasur, Sialkot, Multan, Kashmir, Attock and Peshawar. With their help he was about to defeat the Lahore force sent against him in December 1757. While Khwaja Mirza Khan, as Mirza Jan Khan was popularly called, generally went out on military expeditions or for the settlement of the outlying districts, his brother and deputy, Khwaja Saeed Khan, attended to the administration at the headquarters. Key posts in the civil and military administration were held by members of communities from all over the empire and beyond, including Sikhs, Muslims, Khatris, Brahmins, Dogras, Rajputs, Pashtuns, Europeans, and Americans, among others,[61] and worked their way up the hierarchy to attain merit. Mahadji Scindia tried to win over the Sikhs by diplomacy. His frontier policy of holding the Khyber Pass was later used by the British Raj. After Sabaji Scindia, another person of Indian origin to have conquered Peshawar was the brave Sikh warrior Hari Singh Nalwa Commander in Chief of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahores army. They were marched back to Amritsar in chains and were forced to clean out all the mess under the blows and whips.22 Battle of Attock. {{/more}}. [8] On 24 December 1759, a battle was fought between Dattaji and Abdali in which Dattaji's general Bhoite was defeated with a loss of 2500 Maratha soldiers after the Mughal contingent fled from the Maratha side. The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the unification of the Misls by 1801, creating a unified political state. [60] In artillery, Muslims represented over 50% of the numbers while the cavalry had some 10% Muslims from among the troopers. Nalwa led the Sikh army in freeing Shah Shuja from Kashmir and secured the Koh-i-Nor diamond for Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Phulkian Misl was excommunicated from the confederacy. Sabaji Scindia during his service in the Punjab was assisted by three Pandits, Baporai, Dadurai and Sena. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Each of these component armies controlled different areas and cities. He appointed his young son, Taimur, his viceroy at Lahore with his trusted general. Qutub Shah, the preceptor and ally of Najib, killed Dattaji and cut his head off at Burrari Ghat near Delhi in January 1760. [1], After the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Maratha War of Independence ended in Maratha victory. Understanding the strategic importance of Peshawar a city in the present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, formerly North-West Frontier Province, northernmost province of Pakistan, a Maratha brave heart Sabaji Scindia Patil (Patel) from Kanherkheda village of Satara Maharashtra took his army and conquered it, fulfilling the desideration of the Marathas. He expanded his power and carried out frequent raids on the territories of the cisSutlej Sikh chiefs, who in 1801 sought help from Perron, a French general in the service ofScindias and commander of the northern division of the Maratha army. The Sikhs, 15,000 strong, under SardarJassa Singh Ahluvalia defeated the Ruhilas in a battle fought on the northern outskirts of Delhi on 4 February 1765, but Jawahar Singh did not succeed in his venture owing to the faithlessness of the Maratha commander, Malhar Rao, who along with some treacherous Jat officers arrived at a secret understanding with Najib udDaula forcing the Bharatpur ruler to accept peace. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. He decided to call the Marathas for help as a large Afghan garrison was expected to reinvade and Adina needed more alliance to battle the invaders. [52] The Fakir brothers were introduced to the Maharaja when their father, Ghulam Muhiuddin, a physician, was summoned by him to treat an eye ailment soon after his capture of Lahore. [2], It was unbearable for Abdali to overlook this defeat. The ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, moved the Sikh community to Anandpur and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of Aurangzeb, who attempted to install Ram Rai as new guru. Bapu Rao took the charge of Rohtas Fort, while other officers were appointed on the frontier posts. pp. Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, p.31-33), Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, p.136-137), Miniature painting from the photo album of princely families in the Sikh and Rajput territories by, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971. In December 1785, Khushal Singh Singhpuria occupied Chhatand Banur which belonged to Raja Sahib Singh of Patiala, who soliciting help from the Marathas, regained the territory. [21] He ruled the territory between the Sutlej river and the Yamuna river, established a capital in the Himalayas at Lohgarh and struck coinage in the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh. [59] Kazi Nizamuddin was appointed to decide marital issues among Muslims, while Muftis Mohammad Shahpuri and Sadulla Chishti were entrusted with powers to draw up title-deeds relating to transfers of immovable property. It was the first major victory of Sikhs against the Afghan adversary. Finding the Maratha leadership completely off guard against their political foes, many Afghans who were earlier taken captives by Marathas quickly changed their loyalty towards Adina Beg and were recruited in his army. As relayed by Fakir Nuruddin, orders were issued to treat people of all faith groups, occupations,[56] and social levels equally and in accordance with the doctrines of their faith, per the Shastras and the Quran, as well as local authorities like judges and panches (local elder councils),[57] as well as banning forcible possession of others' land or of inhabited houses to be demolished. [2], The Peshwa was alarmed by the growing French and British influence in the Deccan. We get to know more about Sabaji Scindias tenure in Punjab from Dr. Ganda Singhs book Ahmad Shah Durrani ( father of modern Afghanistan ), he mentions that Khwaja Mirza Jan Khan and his brother Khwaja Saeed Khan were, at this time, very unpopular in the country( Punjab ). As per Dr. Ganda Singh in his book Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century, in December 1758, Wazir Imad-ul-Mulk Ghazi-ud-Din invited Marathas to maintain peace in Lahore, the details of the agreement were to be settled between Wazir and Jankojirao Scindia from Maratha side, the negotiations between them continued for a month and a final agreement was entered into both the parties on January 31st. The formation of the empire began with the capture of Lahore, by Ranjit Singh, from its Afghan ruler, Zaman Shah Durrani, and the subsequent and progressive expulsion of Afghans from the Punjab, by defeating them in the Afghan-Sikh Wars, and the unification of the separate Sikh misls. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Ahmad Samad Khan, with his 10,000 Afghan troops, held out for about two weeks before his capitulation on 21 March.
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