A large number of the rebels were killed. It was, in the final analysis, an accession secured at the point of the sword he wielded at Bosworth Field. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. Henry VII inherited a kingdom that was smaller than it had been for over 400 years. This was a good deal for Henry. The gentry, whose numbers and importance in the royal administration were steadily increasing, were close in blood and social assumptions to the aristocracy, and counted themselves among the upper ranks of English society." Over half of Lincolns force was killed. Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. These children, all surnamed Beaufort, were legitimised by statute of Richard II in 1397, after Gaunt married their mother; however, ten years later, Henry IV, confirming this, added a rider to the statute which barred the Beauforts and their heirs from ever inheriting the crown." American Protest Literature by Zoe Trodd. Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. Perkin Warbeck's imposture as Edward IV's younger son, Richard of York, during the 1490s was more easily contained, despite Scottish and European intervention. The second largest city in England, Norwich, had 13,000 inhabitants; but Bristol and Newcastle were the only other towns with more than 10,000. Arthur was just fifteen, and Catherine nearly sixteen. Simnel was paraded through the streets, carried on the shoulders of "the tallest man of the time", an individual called D'Arcy of Platten (this was evidently Sir William Darcy, an ally of Kildare, who is known to have been exceptionally tall). Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? A Study in Catholic Propaganda. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Michael J. Bennett, "Simnel, Lambert (b. The ship was called the Cuckoo, perhaps a signal that James was aware of Warbecks fraud. There was no serious evidence of treason against either, although their blood made them a potential cause of treason in others. On Whit-Sunday, the 24th May, Simnel was solemnly anointed and crowned King of England, under the name of Edward VI., in Christ Church, Dublin, in presence of the chief dignitaries of the Pale, who renounced their allegiance to Henry VII., and swore fealty to him. (25), In July 1495 Warbeck landed some of his men at Deal. The young Earl had never been seen again, and John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln and a leader of the Yorkist rebellion, seized on this opportunity. A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? According to Francis Bacon: "The Cornish, being ill-armed and ill-led and without horse or artillery, were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight." At that time, Christians believed it was wrong for a man to marry his brother's wife. Spain, along with France, were the two major powers in Europe. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." Henry had been receiving information about events in Ireland, although it was vague and conflicting. Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. He gained some support from Yorkists. Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. It was considered too dangerous to allow Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to make the journey. (10)Henry Tudor's forces now charged King Richard's army. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. Lambert Simnel presented Henry VII with the first major challenge of his reign. Corrections? (55), Empson's biographer, Margaret Condon, has pointed out: "As chancellor, Empson continued Bray's efforts to increase revenue, authorizing the raising of rents or disallowance of rebates, and directing surveys and audits, enclosures of commons, and investigations of feudal incidents. In 1486, the rumour that the princes in the Tower, Edwards children, were still alive, suggested that Simnel might be passed off as one of them. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. ), impostor and claimant to the English crown, the son of an Oxford joiner, who was a pawn in the conspiracies to restore the Yorkist line after the victory of Henry VII (1485). The Japanese I-400: An Underwater Aircraft Carrier? A large number of the rebels were killed. But after remaining in court for eight months, he tried to escape and was soon recaptured. The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." Whether out of fond memory of the Irish administration of Richard, duke of York, resentment at Henry's restoration of the Butler earls of Ormond, or sheer opportunism, most of the Irish political community had recognized Simnel as king. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. Henry was miserly by nature, but he was also highly sensitive about the dubious validity of his claim to the throne, and therefore took much care to emphasise his majesty on as grand a scale as possible, thus setting a precedent for his Tudor successors. (57), Henry VII was keen to maintain his alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon and recently widowed, offered to marry Catherine of Aragon himself. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. (35). He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security." Source: Tony Marturano / Adobe Stock. Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. Lovell went missing and was rumoured to have escaped to Scotland with Sir Thomas Broughton and hidden to avoid retribution. However, Northumberland, convinced that Richard was going to lose, ignored the order. At Dublin on 24 May, led by Gerald Fitzgerald, earl of Kildare, the lord deputy recently confirmed in office by Henry, they crowned him as Edward VI. With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. (35)However, the marriage was not guaranteed. Roderigo de Puebla told Ferdinand: "There is no finer youth in the world than the Prince of Wales". The reason for the difference is to be found in Irish politics. Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. He was about ten years old in 1487, and was described as a handsome youth of intelligence and good manners. Henry dealt with this threat decisively. Throughout the period 1485-1602, it is evident that there were . (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". (28)Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. Margaret was married to Charles the Bold and was the sister of Edward IV and Richard III. "It was said the English vice was overeating, as the German vice was drunkenness and the French vice lechery." Lambert Simnel (circa 1477 - circa 1534) was a child pretender to the throne of England.Together with Perkin Warbeck, he was one of two impostors who threatened the rule of Henry VII of England (reigned 1485 - 1509) during the last decade of the 15th century.. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1477.Different sources have different claims of his parentage from a baker and tradesman to organ . [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. There was no identification card or DNA test to confirm you are who you say you are. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. The English also still controlled the port of Calais in northern France. When he defeated and captured a second and far more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, he spared his life, and it was only after Warbeck had twice tried to escape that he was executed. He appears to have been the son of an Oxford tradesman. In i486, the year following the accession of Henry VII., rumours were disseminated by the adherents of the Yorkist dynasty that the two . (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. His real name is not knowncontemporary records call him John, not Lambert, and even his surname is suspect. The English also still controlled the port of Calais in northern France. Richards faction, the Yorkists, remained undefeated in spirit and were plotting Henrys overthrow. Nothing is known of his upbringing." They retreated to Taunton but with news that Henry's army was marching into Cornwall, on 21st September, Warbeck escaped and sought sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. He took Simnel to Ireland where there was still support for the Yorkist cause, and presented him to the Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Kildare. By February 1487 Lambert Simnel had appeared in Ireland, claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the young son of Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence. Earl Lincoln sailed from the Netherlands to Dublin, with some 2000 mercenaries supplied by Margaret. But this last throw of the dice amounted to nothing, and this time, Warbeck was captured, surrendering in panic at the approach of royal forces. (33), Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". (19) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Twenty eight of them were attainted and had their estates confiscated. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. In 2006 Steeleye Span's album Bloody Men included a song, The Story of the Scullion King, about Simnel. At the age of 10, Perkin was learning Dutch, and then he learned from various masters before finding employment with John Strewe, an English merchant. On the way, Richard tried to recruit as many men as possible to fight in his army, but by the time he reached Leicester he only had an army of 6,000 men. Henry VII met it at Stoke, near Newark, and was victorious. They were equally as concerned about another civil war starting with all the dislocation to life that would have caused. On the death of Edward IV in 1483, his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Simnel became the figurehead of a Yorkist rebellion organised by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. (62)Henry VII died on 21st April 1509. Although out-numbered, Richard's superior position at the top of the hill enabled him to stop the rival forces breaking through at first. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Employed in the royal kitchens, the pretender made a modest career for himself, dying soon after 1534. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security. He then marched into Leicester and then, slowly, onwards to London. Simon spread a rumour that Warwick had actually escaped from the Tower and was under his guardianship. He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. He had gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes. 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